Sensing measurement configuration and reporting in a long term evolution system operating over license exempt bands

ABSTRACT

A method for sensing measurement gap scheduling includes allocating a new supplementary carrier in a license-exempt spectrum by a radio resource management (RRM) entity in an evolved Node B (eNB); configuring a local cognitive sensing entity in the eNB by the RRM entity; configuring a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for cognitive sensing through radio resource control (RRC) signaling, the RRC signaling being generated by the eNB; configuring a local cognitive sensing entity at the WTRU by a dynamic spectrum management (DSM) entity; and signaling a start and a duration of a measurement gap to an enhanced sensing component.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/653,746, filed May 31, 2012, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) Release 10 (R10) standard supportsthe concept of component carrier aggregation. The standard works on theassumption that all component carriers may operate on licensed spectrumwith exclusive rights for operation by the cellular network operatorswho own the spectrum. The standard supports operation of up to fivecomponent carriers simultaneously where one component carrier may beassigned to be the primary/anchor component carrier, while the remainingcomponent carriers may be considered secondary component carriers.

SUMMARY

Some component carriers may operate on licensed spectrum with exclusiverights for operation by the cellular network operators who own thespectrum while other component carriers may operate on unlicensed orlightly-licensed spectrum like 2.4 GigaHertz (GHz) industrial,scientific and medical (ISM) band and television white space (TVWS)spectrum. Methods and apparatuses may support spectrum sensing andenable the opportunistic use of license-exempt (LE) bands assupplementary component carriers (SuppCCs). Wireless transmit/receiveunit (WTRU) and evolved Node B (eNB) architectures may enable spectrumsensing. Methods may include configuring and reporting cognitive sensingmeasurements, including measurement quantities and reporting events.Examples of such methods may include a radio resource control (RRC)Measurement Configuration and Reporting procedure, and the use of anInformation Transfer message. Methods may detect and characterizesecondary user (SU) activity, and may include a signalclassification-based feature detection in the context of cellulartechnology. A WTRU procedure may report cognitive sensing capabilities.

Methods may perform reliable primary user (PU) detection in the presenceof other SU devices and networks. To synchronize measurement gaps, anautonomous and/or blind detection approach may be used, which may useneighbor supplementary cell (SuppCell) measurements, for examplereference signal received quality (RSRQ), to determine and synchronizewith a neighbor cell's gap pattern. According to a centralized approach,a neighbor cell's gap pattern may be signaled to the eNB directly, andmay use enhanced X2AP messages over the X2 interface, or via theMobility Management Entity/Serving Gateway (MME/S-GW) using S1APmessages over the S1 interface. For unsynchronized measurement gaps,natural gaps may be used, which may be periods where the gaps of a givennetwork overlap with periods of inactivity in the other networks.Methods may configure and report sensing results for SuppCellsoriginating from a target eNB to facilitate a seamless handoverprocedure. Such methods may allow SuppCells to be configured andactivated during the handover procedure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description,given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,wherein:

FIG. 1A is a system diagram of an example communications system in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example wireless transmit/receive unit(WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated inFIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of an example radio access network and anexample core network that may be used within the communications systemillustrated in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 is a system diagram of an example of an Evolved UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) architecture in which one ormore disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 3 shows a high-level system diagram of an example architecture 300of small cells in a cellular system;

FIG. 4 shows an example of a long term evolution (LTE) protocol stacksupporting sensing at the evolved Node B (eNB) and the wirelesstransmit/receive unit (WTRU);

FIG. 5 shows a signaling diagram of an example signaling sequencebetween the sensing processor and the dynamic spectrum management (DSM)LTE protocol stack, within the eNB and WTRU, respectively, for the caseof initial/candidate sensing;

FIGS. 6A and 6B show a signaling diagram of an example signalingsequence between the sensing processor and the DSM LTE protocol stack,within the eNB and WTRU, respectively, for the case of active channelsensing;

FIG. 7 shows an example sensing configuration system based on signalclassification;

FIG. 8 shows an example of a receiver for Wi-Fi preamble based featuredetection, which may be used for sensing a legacy 802.11a Wi-Fi signaloperating as a SU;

FIG. 9 shows another example of a receiver for Wi-Fi preamble basedfeature detection, which may be used for sensing a legacy 802.11a Wi-Fisignal operating as a SU;

FIG. 10 shows an example of a receiver for Wi-Fi preamble based featuredetection, which may be used for sensing a Mixed Format (MF) HighThroughput (HT) 802.11n Wi-Fi signal operating as a SU:

FIG. 11 shows an example of a receiver for Wi-Fi preamble based featuredetection, for sensing a Greenfield (GF) HT 802.11n Wi-Fi signaloperating as a SU;

FIG. 12 shows an example of a receiver for Wi-Fi preamble based featuredetection, for sensing a Greenfield (GF) HT 802.11n Wi-Fi signaloperating as a SU;

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate different examples of neighbor cellmeasurement/gap patterns where transmission on the supplementary cell(SuppCell) is in the downlink direction for both the serving eNB and theneighbor eNB, and the WTRU is in the receive mode;

FIG. 14 shows an example flow diagram of a method for synchronizingserving and neighboring SuppCell gap patterns;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of neighbor cell measurement/gapschedules on the serving SuppCell and the neighbor SuppCell and theimpact on neighbor SuppCell measurement;

FIG. 16 shows a high level block diagram of an example system for makinga channel evacuation decisions;

FIG. 17 shows a high level block diagram of another example system formaking a channel evacuation decisions;

FIG. 18 shows a call flow diagram of an example method for sensingmeasurement configuration exchange over the X2 interface;

FIG. 19 shows a call flow diagram of an example method for sensingmeasurement configuration exchange over the S1 interface;

FIG. 20 shows a call flow diagram of an example method for exchangingsensing results over the X2 interface;

FIG. 21 shows a call flow diagram of an example method for exchangingsensing results over the S1 interface: and

FIG. 22 shows measurement/gap schedules for two SuppCells with differentmeasurement/gap durations over a single television white space (TVWS)low (or high) band.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an example communications system 100 in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communicationssystem 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, suchas voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wirelessusers. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless usersto access such content through the sharing of system resources,including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code divisionmultiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wirelesstransmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d, a radioaccess network (RAN) 104, a core network 106, a public switchedtelephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112,though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplateany number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.Each of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may be any type of deviceconfigured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. Byway of example, the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may be configuredto transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include userequipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, apager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), asmartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor,consumer electronics, and the like.

The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114 a anda base station 114 b. Each of the base stations 114 a, 114 b may be anytype of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d to facilitate access to one or morecommunication networks, such as the core network 106, the Internet 110,and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114 b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B,a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP),a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114 a, 114 bare each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that thebase stations 114 a, 114 b may include any number of interconnected basestations and/or network elements.

The base station 114 a may be part of the RAN 104, which may alsoinclude other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such asa base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relaynodes, etc. The base station 114 a and/or the base station 114 b may beconfigured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within aparticular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (notshown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example,the cell associated with the base station 114 a may be divided intothree sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114 a mayinclude three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. Inanother embodiment, the base station 114 a may employ multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multipletransceivers for each sector of the cell.

The base stations 114 a, 114 b may communicate with one or more of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d over an air interface 116, which may beany suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF),microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Theair interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio accesstechnology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may bea multiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. Forexample, the base station 114 a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), whichmay establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMAmay include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access(HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed DownlinkPacket Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

In another embodiment, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).

In other embodiments, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e.,Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), InterimStandard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System forMobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

The base station 114 b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B,Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitableRAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such asa place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In oneembodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d mayimplement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wirelesslocal area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114 band the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yetanother embodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 dmay utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE,LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A,the base station 114 b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.Thus, the base station 114 b may not be required to access the Internet110 via the core network 106.

The RAN 104 may be in communication with the core network 106, which maybe any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications,and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d. For example, the core network 106may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-basedservices, pre-paid calling. Internet connectivity, video distribution,etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as userauthentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciatedthat the RAN 104 and/or the core network 106 may be in direct orindirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as theRAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connectedto the RAN 104, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, thecore network 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (notshown) employing a GSM radio technology.

The core network 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, 102 d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/orother networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephonenetworks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks anddevices that use common communication protocols, such as thetransmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) andthe internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. Thenetworks 112 may include wired or wireless communications networks ownedand/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks112 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs,which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d in thecommunications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may include multiple transceivers forcommunicating with different wireless networks over different wirelesslinks. For example, the WTRU 102 c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured tocommunicate with the base station 114 a, which may employ acellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114 b, whichmay employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B,the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, atransmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, adisplay/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, apower source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, andother peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 mayinclude any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remainingconsistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purposeprocessor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in associationwith a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs)circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine,and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, dataprocessing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any otherfunctionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wirelessenvironment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120,which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1Bdepicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separatecomponents, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and thetransceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package orchip.

The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmitand/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/orreceive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet anotherembodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured totransmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciatedthat the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmitand/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

In addition, although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted inFIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number oftransmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 mayemploy MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 mayinclude two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multipleantennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the airinterface 116.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that areto be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulatethe signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. Asnoted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, forexample.

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receiveuser input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/orthe display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) displayunit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 mayaccess information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory,such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storagedevice. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identitymodule (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card,and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may accessinformation from, and store data in, memory that is not physicallylocated on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (notshown).

The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and maybe configured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitabledevice for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 mayinclude one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd),nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which maybe configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude andlatitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In additionto, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from abase station (e.g., base stations 114 a, 114 b) and/or determine itslocation based on the timing of the signals being received from two ormore nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 mayacquire location information by way of any suitablelocation-determination method while remaining consistent with anembodiment.

The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, whichmay include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provideadditional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include anaccelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera(for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, avibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, aBluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digitalmusic player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internetbrowser, and the like.

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of the RAN 104 and the core network 106according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ anE-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communicationwith the core network 106.

The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c, though it will beappreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment,the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may implement MIMO technology. Thus,the eNode-B 140 a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmitwireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102 a.

Each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may be associated with aparticular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radioresource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of usersin the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, theeNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may communicate with one another over an X2interface.

The core network 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility managemententity gateway (MME) 142, a serving gateway 144, and a packet datanetwork (PDN) gateway 146. While each of the foregoing elements aredepicted as part of the core network 106, it will be appreciated thatany one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entityother than the core network operator.

The MME 142 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 cin the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. Forexample, the MME 142 may be responsible for authenticating users of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting aparticular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, and the like. The MME 142 may also provide a control planefunction for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown)that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.

The serving gateway 144 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 140 a,140 b, 140 c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The serving gateway144 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c. The serving gateway 144 may also perform otherfunctions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers,triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c, and the like.

The serving gateway 144 may also be connected to the PDN gateway 146,which may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access topacket-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitatecommunications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and IP-enableddevices.

The core network 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.For example, the core network 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, tofacilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c andtraditional land-line communications devices. For example, the corenetwork 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g.,an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interfacebetween the core network 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the corenetwork 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to thenetworks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks thatare owned and/or operated by other service providers.

Wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) within a serving cell may makeperiodic or aperiodic intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and/orinter-radio access technology (RAT) measurements on the componentcarriers and report specific events like falling below or exceedingpredefined thresholds back to the serving evolved Node B (eNB). In thefollowing, a heterogeneous network is considered, which may consist of,for example, LTE macro cells and an underlay of femto-cells and/orpico-cells that may aggregate licensed and license-exempt (LE) bands.Macro cells may provide service continuity, while small cells, such asfemto or pico-cells, may provide hot spot coverage. Such a heterogeneousnetwork may rely on a coexistence database and mechanisms to enableoperation with other secondary networks and users operating in LE bands.In contrast to the macro cells, the eNBs may operate both in thelicensed spectrum and the LE spectrum. The eNBs may be connected to theMobility Management Entity/Serving Gateway (MME/S-GW) and the operator'score network (CN) via the Internet, as well as to the Home eNB (HeNB)Management System (HeMS). The HeMS may be a 3GPP LTE Operation andMaintenance (OAM) entity, which may configure multiple eNBs and connectto the television White Spaces (TVWS) database and Coexistence Database(CDIS).

Examples of embodiments may be described herein with respect to 3GPP LTER10 or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), however, the embodiments may be applied toany type of wireless network. Additionally, the terms eNB and HeNB areused interchangeably, such that the aspects described herein may applyto both an eNB and a HeNB.

FIG. 2 is a system diagram of an example of an Evolved UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) architecture 200 in which oneor more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The E-UTRANarchitecture 200 may include eNBs 202, HeNBs 204, and some CN entitiesincluding MME/S-GW 20-6, and HeNB gateway (HeNB GW) 208. Correspondinginterfaces for the eNBe 202 and HeNBs 204 are shown, where interface X2may be used between eNBs 202, and interfaces S1 or S5 may be usedbetween the MNMES-GWs 206 and eNBs 202 and HeNBs 204. The embodimentsherein may apply to small cells which include eNBs, Pico eNBs, andRemote Radio Heads (RRH), among other types of cells, and the WTRUssupported within these small cells.

FIG. 3 shows a high-level system diagram of an example architecture 300of small cells in a cellular system. A macro cell radio tower 302 hascell coverage area 304 and WTRUs 306 may communicate with the macro cellradio tower 302 using licensed spectrum. The macro cell 304 may containmany small cells from eNBs 308, RRHs 310, and HeNBs 312, for example.WTRUs 306 may communicate within the small cells with the eNB 308/RRH310/HeNB 312, using licensed spectrum, and/or LE spectrum like TVWS orIndustrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands.

A Coexistence Manager (CM) function (not shown) may be located in theHeNB Management System (HeMS 322, which may manage inter-HeNB as well asinter-operator coexistence operation. The Coexistence Discovery andInformation Service (CDIS) 326 is a database which may provide neighbordiscovery service to CMs in the HeMS 322. Based on the geo-locationprovided, the CDIS 326 may respond with a list of CMs under whichnetworks are operating at that specific location, as well as the contactinformation of those networks. TVWS usage information of secondary maycould also be stored in the CDIS 326.

Sensing operation may be supported by the eNB 308. For example, asensing processor (see FIG. 4) may be responsible for performing andprocessing sensing on LE spectrum and reporting the results to the RadioResearch Management (RRM) entity (see FIG. 4). The sensing processor(i.e. cognitive sensing entity) and RRM are illustrated and discussedbelow with respect to FIG. 4. WTRUs 306 (i.e. client) may support thesensing processor capability in order to have access to a larger numberof Supplementary Component Carriers (CCs).

An eNB 308 may have a backhaul connection to the TVWS database 324 viaan MME/SGW 316 in a CN 314 and the Internet 318. Similarly, HeNBs 312may connect to the TVWS database 324 via a HeNB GW 320 or HeMS 318,which may be connected to the Internet 318. The eNB 308 may be capableof supporting primary, secondary (licensed), and supplementary(license-exempt) channel communication. The HeNB 312 and the WTRU 306may communicate with each other over licensed band only or over bothlicensed and license-exempt bands simultaneously.

As a first step in using the TVWS bands, the eNB 308 may periodicallyquery the TVWS database 324 for available channels. It may then senseeach of the vacant channels to determine if the channels are used byother secondary users or if they are vacant. If the channel is stillempty, it may then set up the supplementary channel operation on thoseTVWS frequencies. If the channel is not empty (i.e., the sensingprocessor detects a primary user (PU), a secondary user (SU), orinterference on those bands), then the sensing processor may report thesame to the RRM module. The spectrum allocation entity (not shown)within the RRM module may assign the spectrum in the eNB's 308 cellbased on some predefined criteria which may be proprietary to eachoperator/implementation.

In the idle mode, a WTRU 306 may be camped on a primary cell (licensedband) and may not yet be assigned any physical channel resources forcommunication. In this mode, the WTRU 306 may sense the LE spectrum todetermine the presence or absence of any PU or interference due to SUsin the LE spectrum in the cell. The LE bands to sense at the WTRUs 306may be a predetermined span of spectrum including, but not limited to,TVWS (For example 612 MHz to 698 MHz) and ISM band (2.4 GHz) orUnlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band (5 GHz). Thesensing processor may sweep across the LE band and report (on thelicensed uplink) its occupancy along with the LE band it corresponds to.The measurements, such as channel quality and sensing metrics, which maybe made on the LE bands, may be periodically reported to the eNB 308 onthe licensed uplink channels.

In the case where the telecommunication system may operate mainly onlicensed carriers and may be complemented by an aggregation ofsupplementary carriers from the LE spectrum on a need basis, thesupplementary carriers may be of different types. According to anexample, the supplementary carrier may be a sublicensed channel, forexample, a TVWS channel sublicensed to an operator for a specificgeographical area and for a specific time that is not used by any PU orother SUs. For example, a channel originally owned by a DTV broadcaststation may have been made available through agreement and/or brokerage.In another example, the supplementary carrier may be of typeSecondary_User_Available, for example, a TVWS channel that is free andnot occupied by a PU, but may be used by other SUs. In another example,the supplementary carrier may be of type Primary_User_Assigned, forexample, a TVWS channel used by a PU, which may need SUs to leave thechannel when the PU is detected. For the sublicensed carrier that isfree from PUs and SUs, the carrier may be used as an LTE secondary cell(for example, as defined in LTE standard Release 10), in which casecorresponding intra-frequency measurements to assess link quality may bethe same as those used for a licensed carrier and may already bedefined.

In the following, the eNB may be a mode II device and the WTRU may be amode I device, as defined by the Federal Communications Commission(FCC). The eNB may or may not have sensing capability and may or may notoperate as a sensing-only device, if needed. The WTRU may or may nothave sensing capability.

According to an embodiment, in a cellular network operating over whitespace spectrum or other dynamic and shared spectrum, the eNB and theWTRU may monitor and sense spectrum occupancy to detect the presence ofPUs or other SUs possibly using other radio access technologies (RATs)and opportunistically access vacant white space spectrum. However,existing LTE systems may measure the signal quality of the LTE systemand may not assume that other RATs may occupy the same channel. ExistingLTE systems may not be capable of assessing primary or secondary usage,or have supporting measurement quantities, configuration, and reportingprocedures. According to another embodiment, a cellular system maysilence all the WTRUs and eNBs in a cell every so often and expectspecific types of measurements to be reported back from the sensingdevice and with certain reporting schedules.

Other embodiments may mitigate the fact that an unsynchronized silenceperiod across neighbor cells operating on the same channel may occur, aswell as latency issues related to reporting sensing measurement to thetarget eNB after a handover. These and other embodiments are describedin detail below.

To detect weak PU signals below the noise floor on the white spacespectrum, active channel sensing may be performed, which may needscheduling of periodic gaps in transmission between the eNB and theWTRUs in a synchronized fashion, so that spectrum sensing may beperformed during these gaps to determine PU occupancy and possibly otherSU occupancy patterns without interference from the eNB's or WTRU's owntransmission.

For cellular systems where sensing for PUs (incumbents of the spectrumas allocated by a regulator like the FCC) and SUs (i.e., othernon-incumbents of the spectrum as allocated by a regulator like the FCC)in the spectrum may not be supported, signaling enhancements may be usedto enable sensing measurement configuration and reporting procedures toenable efficient use of LE spectrum involving sensing measurement gapscheduling, sensing metric reporting configuration, and handlingcoexistence with SUs, among other things.

In an example, consider the case when the serving eNB and neighbor eNBsconfigure the same LE channel as a supplementary CC in their respectivecells. The sensing measurement gap configurations on the LE channel maybe expected to be different for each cell, for example using an on/offperiod and/or duty cycle. Also, on each of the supplementary channels,the sensing measurement gap configuration may change in a semi-static ordynamic fashion. Unsynchronized silent period configurations acrossneighbor LE supplementary channels may cause interference and impactdetection sensitivity of the sensing algorithms at WTRUs in the servingcell, thus impacting robust detection of weak PUs in the LE channel(e.g., DTV or wireless microphone detection at −114 dBm). Accordingly,these sensing measurement gap configurations may be synchronized acrossneighbor cells, so that a strong neighbor cell signal at the WTRU maynot impact sensing performance on the LE channel during a sensingmeasurement gap scheduled by the eNB.

In another example, consider the case when the serving eNB and neighboreNBs operate on the same or different LE channels as the activesupplementary CCs in their respective cells. Mobile WTRUs moving towardsa neighbor cell may detect a strong measurement from the neighbor celland may report the event to the eNB. The eNB may eventually trigger ahandover to that cell. In LTE Release 10, when a WTRU is moving acrosscells supporting carrier aggregation, the secondary cells (SCells) maybe deactivated during handover.

In the case where all cells may be kept active during handover, when thehandover of a WTRU to a target cell is initiated and completed, theremay be a signaling latency in initiating a sensing operation by thetarget eNB at the WTRU and in sensing and reporting the latency by theWTRU back to the eNB. The sensing latency may come from the fact thatalgorithms in the sensing toolbox at the WTRU have to be reset, so thatany history of sensing measurements from the serving cell may be resetand fresh filtering of measurements specific to the target cell coveragearea may be started. In such a case, the algorithms in the sensingtoolbox at the WTRU may need a finite convergence time for the sensingresults to be reliable.

This signaling and processing latency may be relevant when the WTRUs inhandover are running an application assigned with high Quality ofService Class Identifier (QCI) radio bearers, while the target eNB is ahot spot serving a large number of users simultaneously, and thus may beheavily utilizing the licensed spectrum, making it necessary to activatesupplemental CCs (SuppCCs) to relieve congestion.

LTE Release 10 may not require the target eNB to request link qualitymeasurements such as received signal strength indicator (RSSI) orreference signal received power (RSRP), on the SuppCCs by the WTRUbefore activation of SuppCCs at the WTRU. When SuppCC activation isconsidered, some prior measurement information may be needed. SinceSuppCC activation is contingent upon knowledge of PU occupancy forincumbent protection and SU occupancy for coexistence in the WTRU'svicinity, the target eNB may need the WTRU to provide this informationproactively to the target eNB so that SuppCC activation may bedetermined by the target eNB seamlessly during handover. Signalingmechanisms, such as those discussed below, may reduce the latency inreporting sensing measurements to the target eNB after handover.

Another issue that may arise is that unsynchronized gaps may occuracross SuppCCs using the same radio front end and originating from thesame eNB. When multiple SuppCells are allocated at an eNB, each SuppCellmay have a different measurement gap duty cycle. Some of the SuppCellsmay share the same radio front end, i.e. the same spectral band. Sensingon SuppCells sharing the same radio front end may encounter the issue ofself-interference when active communication is enabled on one SuppCellsharing the radio front end at the same time as a measurement gap isenabled on the other SuppCell(s). The self-interference may be caused bysignal leakage from one channel into another, which may impacts thequality of measurements during the measurement gap. According to anembodiment, discussed in detail below, the measurement start and stoptimes may be coordinated to avoid self-interference issues andmeasurement reporting schedules may be established in multiple SuppCellscenarios.

The embodiments disclosed herein include protocol and signalingenhancements to cellular standards to support spectrum sensing andsensing measurement gap scheduling for enabling opportunistic use ofLicense Exempt (LE) bands as supplementary component carriers.

According to an embodiment, a protocol stack and message sequence may bedefined to support sensing. An architecture for the WTRU and the eNB mayintegrate sensing features to support PU detection and SUcharacterization. The signaling sequence may be provided forinitial/candidate sensing at the WTRU and the eNB, as well for activechannel sensing. According to an example embodiment, methods mayintegrate sensing measurement procedures in the LTE protocol stack.

FIG. 4 shows an example of an LTE protocol stack 400 supporting sensingat the eNB 402 and the WTRU 404. FIG. 4 shows LTE nodes, functions, andentities that may be involved in the enhanced measurements to supportoperation in a LE spectrum, such as TVWS for example. Not all nodes,functions and entities are shown. The eNB 402 may include a cognitivesensing entity 406, which may include two sub-components: the sensingco-processor 408 and the enhanced sensing physical layer (PHY) 410. TheeNB 402 may also include radio baseband (BB) 412, PHY 414, RRC 416, andeNB RRM 418. Similarly, the WTRU 404 may include a cognitive sensingentity 420, which may include two sub-components: the sensingco-processor 422 and the enhanced sensing physical layer (PHY) 424. TheWTRU 404 may also include a radio BB 426, a PHY 428, an RRC 430, and aWTRU dynamic spectrum management (DSM) entity 432 (also called the WTRURRM entity, equivalent to the eNB RRM entity 418).

Any of the following steps or procedures may be performed in theprotocol stack 400. The eNB RRM entity 418 may allocate newsupplementary carrier in the LE spectrum, 441. The sensing co-processor408 together with the eNB RRM 418 may set the configuration for thecognitive sensing entity 406. The eNB 402 may configure the WTRU 404 forcognitive sensing through RRC signaling, 443, between the RRC entities416 and 430.

The eNB 402 cognitive sensing entity 406 may be responsible forperforming and processing cognitive sensing on the LE spectrum andreporting the results to the eNB RRM entity 418. A cognitive sensingentity 420 may also be integrated in the WTRU 404, and may beresponsible for performing cognitive sensing on the TVWS and other LEspectrum; the results may be processed and reported, 447 a, to a DSM(i.e. RRM) entity 432.

The sensing co-processors 408 and 422, in the eNB 402 and WTRU 404respectively, may configure the enhanced sensing PHY 410 and 424,respectively, and may process the raw sensing results. The cognitivesensing may occur during measurement gaps where no downlink and uplinktransmissions are scheduled. During specific measurement gaps, theenhanced sensing PHY 410 and 424 may make measurements while temporarilytaking control of the broadband radio 412 and 426, respectively.

Enabled by the RRM entity 418 and 432, the RRC 41.6 and 430 mayconfigure and activate the measurement gaps. Also enabled by the RRMentity 418 and 432, the RRC layers 416 and 430 may make use of theexisting RRC signaling procedures for the communication between the eNB402 and the WTRU 404 to provide measurement reports 448 for cognitivesensing in terms of measurement configuration and reporting. Examplemethods of using RRC signaling are described below.

Once the enhanced measurements configuration is received at the WTRU,the WTRU dynamic spectrum management (DSM) enhanced measurements entityconfigures the co-located cognitive sensing entity at the WTRU similarto the way the eNB configures its co-located cognitive sensing entity.Once the eNB and the WTRU are coordinated to start a silentperiod/measurement gap, the LTE PHY may signal the start and duration ofmeasurement gaps to the enhanced sensing component and release controlof the broadband radio. Alternatively, the enhanced sensing componentmay autonomously be synchronized with the LTE PHY on the start of theduration of measurement gaps.

After performing the enhanced measurement during the gaps, the same waythat the sensing co-processor of the eNB processes measurements andsends the processed results to the eNB RRM, the sensing co-processor ofthe WTRU processes measurements and sends processed results to theWTRU-supporting RRM. The WTRU may then report the enhanced measurementsresult to the eNB through RRC signaling.

FIG. 5 shows a signaling diagram of an example signaling sequence 500between the sensing processor 606 and 512 (which may include enhancedsensing and sensing co-processor combined) and the DSM LTE protocolstack 508 and 510, within the eNB 602 and WTRU 504, respectively, forthe case of initial/candidate sensing. Initial channel sensing may beperformed before a LE channel is configured as a supplementary CC by theeNB 502 to assess the presence of PUs or SUs in the system. Candidatechannel sensing may be performed on a backup channel (e.g., a channelthat is not yet allocated to the eNB 502 for operation) by the eNB 502and the WTRU 504 to sense and assess the channel occupancy of the backupchannel. The communication between the eNB 602 and WTRU 504 is over anair interface 524, for example a Uu interface in cellular networks.

The following call flow for initial signaling may be used to assess theoccupancy of a LE channel using sensing measurements at the eNB 502 andat the WTRU 504. When the sensing measurement indicates that the channelis available, the eNB 502 may set up a SuppCell operation on thatchannel. The eNB 502 may signal initial sensing on the LE channel, 516,and then may send DL broadcast or dedicated control signaling 518 to theWTRU 504. The WTRU 504 (in the DSM-LTE protocol stack 510) may extractthe control signaling 520, and both the eNB 502 and WTRU 504 may startthe initial sensing, 522, in the corresponding sensing processors 506and 512, which may then perform sensing 524. The eNB sensing processor506 may send a notification signal, 526, to the eNB DSM-LTE protocolstack 508 to notify when it is done with sensing. The WTRU sensingprocessor 512 may send a WTRU sensing report, 528, to the WTRU DSM-LTEprotocol stack 610, which may then send an UL dedicated (per-WTRU)measurement report, 530, to the eNB 502. The eNB DSM-LTE protocol stackmay extract the sensing reports. 632, configure LTE channel SuppCell CCsat the eNB. 534, activate suppCell CCs for the WTRU, 536, and send a DLbroadcast or dedicated control signaling message, 538, to the WTRU 504so that the WTRU 504 may activate its suppCell CCs, 640.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show a signaling diagram of an example signalingsequence 600 between the sensing processor 606 and 612 (which mayinclude enhanced sensing and sensing co-processor combined) and the DSMLTE protocol stack 608 and 610, within the eNB 602 and WTRU 604,respectively, for the case of active channel sensing. Active channelsensing may be performed on a LE channel that is configured as asupplementary CC by the eNB 502 to assess the presence of PUs or SUs inthe system. The sensing may be done by scheduling periodic/aperiodicgaps in transmission. The gap schedule may be determined by the eNB 602and may be signaled to the WTRU 604. The communication between the eNB602 and WTRU 604 is over an air interface 614, for example a Uuinterface in cellular networks.

The eNB 602 may signal active channel sensing on the LE channel, 616,and then may send DL broadcast or dedicated control signaling 618 to theWTRU 604. The WTRU 604 (in the DSM-LTE protocol stack 610) may extractthe control signaling 620, and both the eNB 602 and WTRU 604 may startthe active channel sensing, 622, in the corresponding sensing processors606 and 612, which then perform sensing 624. The eNB sensing processor606 may send a notification signal, 626, to the eNB DSM-LTE protocolstack 608 to notify when it is done with sensing. The WTRU sensingprocessor 612 may send a WTRU sensing report, 628, to the WTRU DSM-LTEprotocol stack 610, which may then send an UL dedicated (per-WTRU)measurement report, 630, to the eNB 602. The eNB DSM-LTE protocol stack608 may extract the sensing reports, 632, during a data transmit/receive(tx/rx) period 634.

The WTRU 604 may extract control signaling, 636, and the eNB 602 andWTRU 604 may start active channel sensing 630. Upon completing of theactive sensing period, 640, the eNB sensing processor 606 may notify,642, the eNB DSM-LTE protocol stack 608 that it is done, and the WTRUsensing processor 612 may send a WTRU sensing report, 644, to the WTRUDSM-LTE protocol stack 610. The WTRU 604 may send a periodic oraperiodic UL dedicated (per-WTRU) measurement report, 646, to the eNB,which may extract the WTRU sensing report, during a data tx/rx period650. In decision step 652, the eNB DSM-LTE protocol stack 608 maydetermine that if the sensing report indicates a PU or SU interference,then it may de-active the SuppCell CCs of the WTRU 604, or de-configurethe SuppCell CCs of the eNB 602. The eNB 602 may send a DL broadcast ordedicated control signaling message 654 to the WTRU 604 to notify it ifthe deactivation.

At the eNB, the RRM may configure the collocated cognitive sensingentity for a specific supplementary carrier. The eNB RRM may inform thecognitive sensing entity on the list of all the enhanced measurements itmust perform. Once the sensing measurements are configured at the eNBand the eNB activates the cell on the allocated LE carrier, the eNB maystart performing the cognitive sensing.

The RRM at the eNB may configure a set of WTRUs that are in connectedmode and that have the cognitive sensing capability for the enhancedmeasurements. The WTRU capability transfer procedure (to the eNB) mayinclude the cognitive sensing capability of the WTRU. This procedure mayoccur at the initial WTRU connection to the network or, as an update,when the cognitive sensing capability is deactivated or activateddynamically during operation. For example, when the battery power is lowat the WTRU, the WTRU may decide to deactivate the cognitive sensingcapability and vice-versa.

When a sensing capability is deactivated at a WTRU, the eNB may stopscheduling the WTRU on the LE carriers, for example, in the case thatthe carrier is Primary_User_assigned. The eNB may use existing RRCsignaling to configure the WTRUs with the enhanced measurements. Theconfiguration information that may be transferred to the WTRUs mayinclude the same configuration information used to configure theco-located cognitive sensing entity at the eNB. However, the values maybe different, especially for the reporting periods between the WTRUs andthe eNBs.

Two example embodiments of reusing existing RRC signaling for the eNB toconfigure the WTRU with the enhanced measurements, as well as for theWTRU to report the different enhanced measurements results are describedbelow.

According to an embodiment, the RRM may include enhanced measurementsprocedures for sensing. An eNB RRM enhanced measurements managemententity may be defined as well as a WTRU DSM measurement supportingentity, both of which may be on top of the RRC layer. The communicationbetween these WTRU and eNB RRM entities in terms of control and thereporting is performed through specific signaling. The enhancedmeasurements configuration/control information may be encapsulated in astandardized DLInformationTransfer RRC message that may be sent to theset of WTRUs. The enhanced measurements reporting from the WTRU DSMenhanced measurements entity to the eNB RRM enhanced measurementsmanagement entity may be encapsulated in the standardizedULInformationTransfer RRC message.

For the DLInformationTransfer RRC message that encapsulates the WTRUmeasurement configuration, the information element “dedicatedInfoType”of the DLInformationTransfer message may be enhanced to include a newvalue (for example. “dedicatedInfoRRM”) so that the message will beforwarded to WTRU DSM enhanced measurements entity at the WTRU.

The encapsulated WTRU measurement configuration may include, but is notlimited to, any of the following information that may depend on thechannel/carrier type, including Secondary_User_Available andPrimary_User_Assigned. For example, for the Secondary_User_Availablecarrier that is open to SUs, the LTE system may have a differentoperation on that supplementary carrier. The LTE system may coexist withthese SUs by not accessing the carrier when a SU is occupying thecarrier and may introduce silent periods (i.e. coexistence gaps where nodownlink and uplink transmissions are scheduled) to share the carrierwith SUs. For that purpose, the LTE system may optionally require thefollowing additional measurement quantities to support that coexistence:Secondary_User_Characterization; events reporting triggered by detectinga certain RAT; and Listen_Before_Talk_SuccessRate (LBT_SR).

The Secondary_Users_Carrier_Usage information may carry a sensingpercentage of time the carrier may be used by other SUs. Thesemeasurements may be used by RRM algorithms to escape the carrier whenSUs are highly occupying the carrier or to reduce the LTE usage of thatcarrier. When the SUs are not present or there is a low usage of thecarrier, the RRM algorithms may increase the LTE usage of the carrier.The Secondary_User_characterization information may consist ofidentifying SUs' technologies. The RRM may use this measurement todecide to continue using the carrier (when the SUs' technologies arefriendly, coexistent typically when based on a carrier sense multipleaccess (CSMA) based approach) or vice-versa. For events reportingtriggered by detecting a certain RAT, for example, a WTRU may beconfigured to sense and report the detection of a specific RAT used by aSU within a certain threshold of received output power.

For LBT_SR, for the purpose of coexistence with SUs, the LTE systemoperating in a LE carrier may avoid accessing a carrier when it isalready occupied by a SU. Hence, an LTE transmitting node may optionallyperform sensing to detect any SU presence before starting to use thecarrier. Statistics on the success rate of the Listen_Before_Talk (LBT),which may correspond to the success rate of accessing the carrier, maybe maintained and transmitted to the RRM. The RRM algorithms may usethis measurement result in assessing whether the presence of SUs in thecarrier is acceptable to continue operation on that LE carrier. The LBTmay be applicable for the eNB when scheduled to transmit in the downlinkand may only applicable to WTRUs when scheduled to transmit in theuplink.

The Primary_User_Assigned carrier may include the same characteristic ofa Secondary_User_Available carrier and in addition, PUs (like in TVWSchannels) may be present on the carrier. A device operating on a TVWSchannel, which is Primary_User_Assigned, may have a sensing capabilityfor PU detection. The device may escape from the carrier when a PU isdetected. To support this operation, in addition to the measuremententities defined for the Secondary_User_Available carrier, thePrimary_User_Detection measurement entity may characterize the presenceof specific RF signals (like microphone RF signals, for example).

The measurement configuration may also include, but is not limited to,the accompanying information like channel ID, reporting criteria, andchannel category (i.e. an active channel that is being allocated andused or a candidate channel that is not yet allocated but monitored forfuture use).

Once the enhanced measurements configuration is received at the WTRU,the WTRU DSM enhanced measurements entity may configure the co-locatedcognitive sensing entity at the WTRU to the way the eNB configured itsco-located cognitive sensing entity. After the enhanced measurements areconfigured at a specific WTRU, the WTRU may start performing thecognitive sensing.

When the enhanced measurement reporting criteria are met, theWTRU-supporting RRM may send the sensing result to the eNB RRM. Thereporting results may be encapsulated in the standardizedULInformationTransfer RRC message. In this case, the information element“dedicatedInfoType” of the ULInformationTransfer message may be enhancedand include a value (for example. “dedicatedInfoRRM”), so that themessage will be forwarded to the eNB RRM enhanced measurementsmanagement entity.

According to another embodiment, the enhanced measurements proceduresmay be integrated within the existing RRC measurement procedures, suchthat the RRC measurements signaling may support additional measurements.Hence, the dedicated RRC message to configure measurements, namely, theRRCConnectionReconfiguration message may be enhanced and may include inthe information element MeasConfig (that may specify the measurements tobe performed by the WTRU) the enhanced measurements configurationinformation listed above.

The sensing measurement configuration may include, but is not limitedto, any of the following parameters. For example, the sensingmeasurement object(s) may refer to objects on which the WTRU may performsensing measurements. A sensing measurement object may be a single LEchannel on which a supplementary cell may operate, and may consists ofthe following parameters: WS_chan_ID, which may be the channel index ofa LE spectrum band based on a predefined mapping; and Chan_Type, whichmay indicate whether the channel is active or is a candidate channel.

Sensing Measurement Object ID (SensMeasObj_ID) may be a parameter thatrefers to the object ID corresponding to a sensing measurement object.Table 1 shows examples of values for the paramters SensMeasObj_ID,WS_chan_ID and Chan_Type.

TABLE 1 SensMeasObj_ID WS_chan_ID Chan_Type 1 1 Active 2 1 Candidate 3 2Active 4 2 Candidate 5 3 Active 6 3 Candidate

Sensing Reporting configurations may be a list of reportingconfigurations, where each reporting configuration may consist of areporting criterion, a reporting format, and reporting quantities. Thereporting criterion may be the criterion that triggers the WTRU to senda measurement report. This may either be periodic or a single eventdescription. For example, the criterion may be one of the events in theevent list in Table 2, such that each criterion may have an associatedevent ID. The Action column indicates possible actions that the systemmay take based on the detection of the event and is not signaled.

TABLE 2 Event ID Event Action S1a DTV Detection on Active Channel WTRUreports event to eNB and eNB evaenates channel S1b Wireless Mic.Detection on Active WTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB evacuateschannel S1c Wi-Fi SU Detection on Active WTRU reports event to ChanneleNB and eNB continues % Utilization < Threshold operation in channelwith/without coexistence S1d Wi-Fi SU Detection on Active WTRU reportsevent to Channel eNB and eNB will % Utilization > Thresholdcoexist/evacuate channel S1e LTE SU Detection on Active WTRU reportsevent to Channel eNB and eNB continues % Utilization < Thresholdoperation in channel with/without coexistence S1f LTE SU Detection onActive WTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB will % Utilization >Threshold coexist/evacuate channel S1g Interference Detection on ActiveWTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB continues % Utilization <Threshold operation in channel with/without coexistence S1h InterferenceDetection on Active WTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB will %Utilization > Threshold coexist/evacuate channel S2a DTV Detection onAlternate WTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB evacuates channelS2b Wireless Mic. Detection on WTRU reports event to Alternate ChanneleNB and eNB evacuates channel S2c Wi-Fi SU Detection on Alternate WTRUreports event to Channel eNB and eNB continues % Utilization < Thresholdoperation in channel with/without coexistence S2d Wi-Fi SU Detection onAlternate WTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB will % Utilization >Threshold coexist/evacuate channel S2e LTE SU Detection on AlternateWTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB continues % Utilization <Threshold operation in channel with/without coexistence S2f LTE SUDetection on Alternate WTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNB will %Utilization > Threshold coexist/evacuate channel S2g InterferenceDetection on Alternate WTRU reports event to Channel eNB and eNBcontinues % Utilization < Threshold operation in channel with/withoutcoexistence S2h Interference Detection on Alternate WTRU reports eventto Channel eNB and eNB will % Utilization > Threshold coexist/evacuatechannel E1a Neighbor SuppCell Meas Gap Start WTRU reports event to eNBand eNB starts transmission (or sensing measurement gap) on servingSuppCell E1b Neighbor SuppCell Meas Gap End WTRU reports event to eNBand eNB ends transmission (or sensing measurement gap) on servingSuppCell E1c Listen_before_Talk(LBT) WTRU reports event to CoexistenceGap Indication eNB end eNB starts transmission (or sensing measurementgap) on serving SuppCell

The reporting format may refer to the format of the type of interferer,if any, detected by the sensing processor on the channel that the WTRUincludes in the measurement report. For example, the report format mayinclude any of the following information: Channel Occupancy, which mayindicate Vacant or Occupied; PU detection, which may indicate True orFalse; PU Type, which may indicate Type 1, Type 2, None, etc. (forexample, the type values may correspond to DTV, Wireless Microphone, andNone for TVWS channels); SU detection which may be True or False; and SUType, which may indicate one of Wi-Fi, LTE, Other Interferer, or None(or other SU).

The reporting quantities may include the quantities that the WTRU mayinclude in the measurement report and associated information. In thefollowing, examples of quantities are described, although otherquantities not listed may be included, and all the values are providedfor illustrative purposes such that other values may be used. TheProb_misdetection quantity may include, for example, 20 indices toindicate utilization in steps of 5%, i.e., 0%-5%=0; 5%-10%=1; etc. TheProb_falsealarm quantity may include, for example, 20 indices toindicate utilization in steps of 5%. i.e., 0%-5%=0; 5%-10′%=1; etc. TheSU % Utilization Index quantity may include, for example, 20 indices toindicate utilization in steps of 5%, i.e., 0%-5%=0; 5%-10%=1; etc. TheSU % Utilization Threshold quantity may include, for example, 20 indicesto indicate utilization in steps of 5%, i.e., 0%=0; 5%=1; 10%=2; etc.

As for timing, τ₁ may be a time stamp with respect to the system framenumber (SFN) at which neighbor SuppCell measurement may fall below alow_thresh threshold. Time duration τ₂ may be a time duration betweenconsecutive time stamps with respect to the SFN at which the neighborSuppCell measurement falls below low_thresh. Time stamp τ₃ may be a timestamp with respect to the SFN (immediately following τ₁) at which theneighbor SuppCell measurement goes above low_thresh. These timingquantities are described further below. dLBT_SR, orListen_before_talk_Success_Rate, as discussed previously, may provide anindication of a percentage of time the LE channel was found busy by theLBT algorithm.

Another example of a configuration parameter for sensing measurementconfiguration is the Sensing Reporting Configuration ID (orSensRepConfig_ID), which is an object ID corresponding to a reportingconfiguration, examples of which are given in Table 3 for differentchannel occupancy, PU detection. PU type, SU detection, SU type, andevent ID.

TABLE 3 Channel PU PU SU SU Event SensRepConfig_ID Occupancy DetectionType Detection Type ID 0 Vacant False None False None None 1 OccupiedTrue Type 1 False None S1a 2 Occupied True Type 2 False None S1b 3Occupied False None True Wi-Fi S2c 4 Occupied False None True LTE S2f 5Occupied False None True Other S2h Interferer

In another example, the Sensing Measurement Gap Schedule parameter maydefine periods that the WTRU may use to perform sensing, where (UL, DL)transmissions may not be scheduled. The Sensing Measurement Gap Schedulemay be configured by the eNB and may be signaled to the WTRU, includingDuty Cycle in the order of sub-frames and On Duration in the order ofsub-frames.

In another example, the Sensing Measurement Gap ID (SensMeasGap_ID) maybe the object ID corresponding to a Sensing Measurement Gap, examples ofwhich are given in Table 4 for different duty cycles and off durations.For example, SensMeasGap_ID value “0” may apply to a candidate channelwhere there are no measurement gaps.

TABLE 4 SensMeasGap_ Duty Cycle (in OFF Duration (in ID milliseconds)milliseconds) 0 NA NA 1 1 1 2 5 1 3 10 1 4 20 1

In another example, the Sensing Measurement ID (SensMeas_ID) parametermay be used to identify a sensing measurement configuration, forexample, by linking a sensing measurement object ID, sensing reportingconfiguration ID and sensing measurement gap ID:SensMeas_ID→[SensMeasObj_ID, SensRepConfig_ID, SensMeasGap_ID].

According to another embodiment, configuration information elements maybe signaled over system information elements using MIB/SIBs andbroadcast to the whole cell, or may be signaled using dedicated RRCsignaling to each WTRU, or may be sent over MAC control elements foreach WTRU. IE SensMeasConfig may be used to specify sensing measurementsto be performed by the WTRU and signaled by the E-UTRAN, and mayindicate channels to sense, as well as the configuration of sensingmeasurement gaps. Table 5 shows examples of fields and theirdescriptions for the SensMeasConfig IE.

TABLE 5 SensMeasConfig Field Description sensreportConfigToAddList Listof sensing measurement reporting configurations to add.sensmeasIDToAddList List of sensing measurement identities to add.sensmeasObjectToRemoveList List of sensing measurement objects toremove. sensreportConfigToRemoveList List of sensing measurementreporting configurations to remove. sensmeasIDToRemoveList List ofsensing measurement identities to remove. sensmeasGapConfig Used tosetup and release sensing measurement gaps. sensmeasGapID Used toindicate sensing measurement gap pattern. sensNeighMeasThresh Used tosignal high_thresh and low_thresh to WTRUs for detection of gap patternson neighbor SuppCell

The SensMeasGapConfig IE may be used to specify the sensing measurementgap configuration and controls setup/release of sensing measurementgaps. This IE may include a release_setup field, where: “setup” mayindicate that sensing measurement gaps are to be setup, and may furtherindicate one of the many gap patterns indicated by the sensmeasGapIDfield of the SensMeasConfig IE; and “release” may indicate existingsensing measurement gaps are to be released.

Alternatively, the IE MeasGapConfig may be used to specify the sensingmeasurement gap configuration and control the setup/release of sensingmeasurement gaps. For example, for a sensing gap length of 6milliseconds (ms) and a sensing gap repetition period of 40 or 80 ms,the MeasGapConfig IE may be used without modification. To providesupport for additional gap lengths/periods, the MeasGapConfig IE may bemodified to include new Gap Pattern IDs that correspond to specific gaplength/periods. Alternatively, the MeasGapConfig IE may be modified toinclude a parameter to explicitly specify the gap length, the gapperiod, or both.

In some scenarios or deployments, it may be desirable to configure aWTRU for sensing measurement gaps without requiring the WTRU to performsensing during the gap. One such scenario is the case where sensing isonly performed at the HeNB. In this scenario, the WTRUs may beconfigured for sensing measurement gaps, but may not be required toperform any sensing during the gap or report any sensing results.Another scenario may be the case where a WTRU does not support sensingfunctionality. In such a scenario, the WTRU may still be configured forsensing measurement gaps, because sensing may be performed by the HeNBand/or other WTRUs.

According to another embodiment, the SensMeasID IE may be used toidentify a sensing measurement configuration, i.e., linking of a sensingmeasurement object ID, sensing reporting configuration ID, and a sensingmeasurement gap ID.

According to another embodiment, sensing measurement reporting may beachieved using the SensMeasResults IE, which may include fields toreport sensing measurement results sensmeasResult and an associatedsensmeasID. The field sensmeasID may identify the sensing measurementidentity for which the reporting is being performed, and sensmeasResultmay include the sensing results as defined in sensing reportingconfigurations.

According to an embodiment, detection may be based on signalclassification. Methods may detect and characterize SU activity,including signal classification-based feature detection in the contextof cellular technology. The spectrum to be sensed may be occupied by onePU, i.e., an incumbent of the spectrum as assigned by the regulator, orby any central entity owning the spectrum. It may also be occupied byone or more SUs trying to use the spectrum on a secondary basis in theabsence of the PU.

Moreover, the devices using the spectrum (e.g. PUs or SUs) may beoperating using one of many possible RATs or waveforms in general. Forexample, they may be WCDMA. LTE, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee deviceseach with a different waveform. To sense the spectrum and detect eitherPUs and/or SUs, the sensing toolbox may be capable of identifying thepresence of a subset of many possible waveforms expected to be presentin the spectrum. This may be achieved by enabling the sensing toolbox tocollect sample data using the RF front end, digitizing it, andperforming either a waveform-based detection or a blind detection. Thewaveform-based detection may be performed, for example, on the digitizedreceived samples with all possible waveform patterns stored in itsmemory, and maximum likelihood detection may be performed by correlatingthe received samples with each one of the stored waveforms to determinethe waveform being used based on the highest correlation coefficient.Alternatively, the blind detection may be performed on the digitizedreceived samples by extracting different statistical parameters (e.g.,autocorrelation statistics, cyclo-stationarity) of the signal andcomparing the statistical parameters of the digitized received sampleswith a predetermined set of statistical parameters for all possiblewaveforms and identifying the waveform with the best match ofparameters.

Storing all possible waveform patterns or all possible statisticalparameters of waveforms may impose high computation and/or storagecomplexity and high processing latency on the sensing toolbox, which maybe of concern especially at the WTRU. These issues may be alleviated bysignaling to the sensing toolbox the specific type of waveform to bedetected or the specific statistical parameters to be extracted and thusreconfigure the sensing toolbox for the detection requirements of thespectrum. For example, the eNB may configure a WTRU to set its signalclassification to detect a specific waveform pattern based oninformation collected by other WTRUs, by itself, or from the coexistencedatabase. In the following figures, examples of receivers are shownincluding relevant components. Not all components of the receivers areshown, and components shown may or may not be included in the receiver.

FIG. 7 shows an example sensing configuration system 700 based on signalclassification. The receiver antenna 712 and front end 714 may receiveand process sensing information and provide it to a receiver I/Q sampleprocessor 716, which may also receive the detection type 708 from thedatabase/memory 706. The output of the I/Q sample processor 716 may besent to a decision entity called Threshold Comparator or MaximumLikelihood Feature Detector 718. The RRC/RRM entity 702 at the WTRU oreNB may provide a report of the PU/SU type 704 or interferer type to thedatabase/memory 706. The database/memory 706 may store the waveformparameters 710 and proposed sensing algorithm/detection type 708 for allpossible PUs, SUs or interferers that may be present on the channel.Based on the PU/SU type 704 or interferer type input from RRC/RRM 702 tothe database/memory unit 706, the database/memory unit 706 may signalthe detection type 708, which indicates the detection algorithm to beused, including but not limited to matched filter approach, statisticalapproach, and energy detection approach, to the I/Q Sample Processing716 unit. The database/memory unit 706 may signal the waveformparameters 710, including but not limited to detection thresholds, tothe Threshold comparator/Maximum Likelihood Feature detector 718. Theoutput of the Threshold comparator/Maximum Likelihood Feature detector718 may indicate PU type 720 (for example, DTV, Wireless Microphone,Radar, etc.) detected on the channel and/or SU type 720 (for example,LTE. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.) detected on the channel. This output 720may be fed back to the RRC/RRM entity 702.

In the following, an example is described of Wi-Fi preamble-basedfeature detection for Wi-Fi as a SU. A wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) signalwaveform, which is based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, may have a packetstructure which begins with a preamble. This preamble may consist of ashort training field (STF), used for coarse frequency offset correction,coarse timing synchronization, automatic gain control (AGC) setting, andstart of packet detection; and a long training field (LTF), used forfine frequency offset estimation, fine timing synchronization, andchannel estimation. Since these fields may be a part of every packet,may have a pre-defined sequence, and may have good correlationproperties (i.e., large separation between correlation peak andcorrelation side lobe), correlating the beginning of a packet with thesesequences to detect the presence of the IEEE 802.11 based Wi-Fi waveformmay provide a good indication of the presence or absence of a Wi-Fisignal operating as a SU in a white space spectrum.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a receiver 800 for Wi-Fi preamble basedfeature detection, which may be used for sensing a legacy 802.11a Wi-Fisignal operating as a SU. Not all components of the receiver 800 areshown, but rather only a subset. The receiver front end 804 may processthe signal, received via the antenna 802, to produce received I/Qsamples, which may be correlated 808 with either a L-STF or L-LTFsequence stored in memory 806, such that the resulting correlation peakvalues may be provided to a detector 810. The output 814 of the detector810, which compares the correlation peak to a pre-defined threshold 812,may indicate if a legacy 802.11a waveform was detected.

FIG. 9 shows another example of a receiver 900 for Wi-Fi preamble basedfeature detection, which may be used for sensing a legacy 802.11a Wi-Fisignal operating as a SU. Not all components of the receiver 900 areshown, but rather only a subset. The receiver front end 904 may processthe signal, received via the antenna 902, to produce received I/Qsamples, which may be correlated 906 and 908 with the a L-STF and L-LTFsequences, both of which may be stored in local memory 910 and 912,respectively. The resulting correlation peak values may be provided tocorresponding detectors 914 and 916. The outputs of the detectors 914and 916, which compare the correlation peaks to pre-defined thresholds918 and 920, respectively, may indicate if a legacy 802.11a waveform wasdetected or not as a single bit binary output. The OR rule unit 922 mayperform a logical “OR” operation on the outputs of the detectors 914 and916, producing a logical ‘1’ if at least one of the outputs of thedetectors is a logical ‘1’, and producing a logical ‘0’ otherwise.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a receiver 1000 for Wi-Fi preamble basedfeature detection, which may be used for sensing a Mixed Format (MF)High Throughput (HT) 802.11n Wi-Fi signal operating as a SU. Thereceiver front end 1004 may process the signal, received via the antenna1002, to produce received I/Q samples, which may be correlated 1006 withthe L-STF, L-LTF, HT-STF, and HT-LTF sequences, which may be stored inlocal memories 1010 a,b and 1012 a,b, respectively. The resultingcorrelation peak values may be provided to corresponding detectors 1014a,b and 1016 a,b. The outputs of the detectors 1014 a,b and 1016 a,b,which compare the correlation peaks to pre-defined thresholds 1018 and1020, may indicate if a Mixed Format (MF) High Throughput (HT) 802.11nwaveform was detected or not as a single bit binary output. The OR ruleunit 1022 may perform a logical “OR” operation on the outputs of thedetectors 1014 a,b and 1016 a,b, producing a logical ‘1’ if at least oneof the outputs of the detectors 1014 a,b and 1016 a,b is a logical ‘1’,and producing a logical ‘0’ otherwise.

FIG. 11 shows an example of a receiver 1100 for Wi-Fi preamble basedfeature detection, for sensing a Greenfield (GF) High Throughput (HT)802.11n Wi-Fi signal operating as a SU. The receiver front end 1104 mayprocess the signal, received via the antenna 1102, to produce receivedI/Q samples, which may be correlated 1108 with either GF-HT-STF orGF-HT-LTF sequences stored in memory 1106, such that the resultingcorrelation peak values may be provided to a detector 1110. The output1114 of the detector 1110, which compares the correlation peak to apre-defined threshold 1112, may indicate if a Greenfield (GF) HighThroughput (HT) 802.11n waveform was detected.

FIG. 12 shows an example of a receiver 1200 for Wi-Fi preamble basedfeature detection, for sensing a Greenfield (GF) High Throughput (HT)802.11n Wi-Fi signal operating as a SU. The receiver front end 1204 mayprocess the signal, received via the antenna 1202, to produce receivedI/Q samples, which may be correlated 1206 and 1208 with the a GF-HT-STFand GF-HT-LTF sequences, both of which may be stored in local memory1210 and 1212, respectively. The resulting correlation peak values maybe provided to corresponding detectors 1214 and 1216. The outputs of thedetectors 1214 and 1216, which compare the correlation peaks topre-defined thresholds 1218 and 1220, respectively, may indicate if aGreenfield (GF) High Throughput (HT) 802.11n waveform was detected ornot as a single bit binary output. The OR rule unit 1222 may perform alogical “OR” operation on the outputs of the detectors 1214 and 1216,producing a logical ‘1’ if at least one of the outputs of the detectorsis a logical ‘1’, and producing a logical ‘0’ otherwise.

Sensing measurement gaps may be synchronized across neighbor cells tosolve the issue of possible unsynchronized gap patterns across neighborsupplementary cells using the same LE channel.

According to an embodiment, a gap pattern may be autonomously detectedon a neighbor SuppCell. Each WTRU in the serving cell may make neighborcell measurements, like RSSI and RSRP, and may report back to the eNBperiodically or on an event-triggered basis. The neighbor cellmeasurements may include measurements on primary, secondary, andsupplementary cells. In the case when the serving cell and a neighborcell operate on the same LE channel but each of them uses a differentand unsynchronized sensing measurement gap pattern, the neighbor cellmeasurement (for example, RSRQ) may look like the examples of neighborcell measurements shown in FIGS. 13A-13D.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate different examples of neighbor cellmeasurement/gap patterns 1300A-1300D, respectively, where transmissionon the SuppCell is in the downlink direction for both the serving eNBand the neighbor eNB, and the WTRU is in the receive mode so that it mayreceive signals from its serving eNB and also make measurements on theneighbor eNB. These examples show some possibilities of unsynchronizedgap patterns on neighbor eNB SuppCells operating on the same channel andhow the time stamps and time durations may be measured in each case.

According to FIGS. 13A-13D, the serving eNB may actively sendtransmissions 1306 on the serving eNB SuppCell 1302 with intermittentsensing measurement gaps 1308. The WTRU may perform active neighborSuppCell measurement 1314 during active periods 1310 on the neighbor eNBSuppCell 1304 with intermittent sensing measurement gaps 1312. FIG. 13Ashows an example scenario where neighbor eNB SuppCell measurement 1314is for non-overlapping measurement gaps 1308 and 1312 on serving eNBSuppCell 1302 and neighbor eNB SuppCell 1304. FIG. 13B shows an examplescenario where neighbor eNB SuppCell measurement 1314 is for partiallyoverlapping measurement gaps 1308 and 1312 on serving eNB SuppCell 1302and neighbor eNB SuppCell 1304. FIG. 13C shows an example scenario whereneighbor eNB SuppCell measurement 1314 is for completely overlappingmeasurement gaps 1308 and 1312 on serving eNB SuppCell 1302 and neighboreNB SuppCell 1304, where here the serving cell measurement gaps 1308 arelarger than the neighbor cell measurement gaps 1312. FIG. 13D shows anexample scenario where neighbor eNB SuppCell measurement 1314 is forcompletely overlapping measurement gaps 1308 and 1312 on serving eNBSuppCell 1302 and neighbor eNB SuppCell 1304, where here the servingcell measurement gaps 1308 are smaller than the neighbor cellmeasurement gaps 1312.

As illustrated in FIGS. 13A-13D, a spike in the neighbor SuppCell (RSRQ)measurement 1314 may occur due to a sensing measurement gap 1308 on theserving eNB SuppCell 1304. This effect may be due to the total noisefloor being reduced due to lack of self-interference from the servingeNB SuppCell 1304 transmission. Similarly, a drop in the neighborSuppCell RSRQ measurement 1314 may occur due to a sensing measurementgap 1312 on the neighbor eNB SuppCell 1304. This effect may be due tothe total noise floor being reduced due to lack of energy from theneighbor eNB SuppCell 1304 due to the sensing measurement gap 1312.

Thus, by knowing the sensing measurement gap 1308 of the serving eNBSuppCell 1302 beforehand, the WTRU may identify the drops in themeasurement 1314 as sensing measurement gaps 1312 from the neighborcell. According to an embodiment, two threshold values may be defined:high_thresh and low_thresh. The Neighbor SuppCell Meas measurement 1314may compared against the high_thresh to determine a spike in themeasurement 1314 and against the low_thresh to determine a drop in themeasurement 1314. These thresholds may be signaled by the eNB to theWTRUs or may be pre-stored inside the WTRU, for example.

Based on the neighbor SuppCell measurement 1314, the WTRU may report anyof the following information back to the eNB on the uplink: Gap Pattern,which may indicate Periodic or Aperiodic; Event E1a “Neighbor SuppCellGap Start”, which may indicate that the measurement 1314 falls belowlow_thresh; τ₁, which may be a time stamp with respect to the SFNcorresponding to even E1a; τ₂, which may indicate the time durationbetween consecutive E1a events; event E1b “Neighbor SuppCell Gap End”,which may indicate that the measurement 1314 goes above low_thresh; τ₃,which may be a time stamp with respect to the SFN immediately followingτ₁ corresponding to event E1b; and Percent Utilization, which may be thepercentage of LE channel usage by a neighbor eNB in case of an aperiodicgap pattern.

The eNB may use any of the above information to reconfigure the sensingmeasurement gap 1308 schedule in the serving eNB SuppCell 1302 in asubsequent dedicated or broadcast control signaling to the WTRUs andthus synchronize with the neighbor SuppCell gap 1312 pattern.

FIG. 14 shows an example flow diagram of a method 1400 for synchronizingserving and neighboring SuppCell gap patterns. A WTRU may receivedownlink communications from a serving eNB on serving eNB SuppCells,1406. The WTRU may make gap measurements on neighbor eNB SuppCells,1410. The WTRU may determine a gap pattern of the serving and neighborSuppCells to be periodic or a period based on the gap measurements,1415. The WTRu may detect a neighbor SuppCell gap start event when thegap measurements fall below a low threshold, 1420. The WTRU may detect aneighbor SuppCell gap end event when the gap measurements go above thelow threshold, 1425. The WTRU may send a report to the serving eNBincluding the gap pattern, timestamps corresponding to the SuppCell gapstart and end events, and a time duration between consecutive gapevents, 1430. The report may include other reporting values, such as apercent utilization of the LE channel by the neighbor eNB.

The serving eNB may receive the report for the WTRU, 1435. The servingeNB may reconfigure the sending measurement in the serving SuppCellbased on the report, including the gap pattern, time stamps and duration1440.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of neighbor cell measurement/gapschedules 1500 on the serving SuppCell 1502 and the neighbor SuppCell1504 and the impact on neighbor SuppCell measurement 1514.

The above method of making the neighbor SuppCell measurement 1514 mayalso be used for co-existence with neighbor eNBs using the same LEchannel as a SuppCell.

The WTRUs in the serving cell may make neighbor SuppCell measurements1514, for example, RSRQ or Scaled_Neighbor_SuppCell_Meas, to determineusage characteristics of the neighbor eNB SuppCell 1504. The WTRUs mayreport an event to the serving eNB that the neighbor SuppCellMeasurement 1614 may fall below a certain pre-defined threshold γ. Basedon this event, the serving eNB may assume that the neighbor eNB SuppCell1504 is in a coexistence gap 1516 and may schedule a sensing measurementgap 1508 first and then resume actively transmitting data 1506 on theserving SuppCell 1502.

When the neighbor SuppCell Measurement 1514 exceeds the pre-definedthreshold γ, the serving eNB may stop active transmission 1506 on theserving SuppCell 1502 and allows the neighbor SuppCell 1504 to activelyuse the channel 1510. Since the serving SuppCell 1502 relinquishes theLE channel in reaction to the presence of the neighbor SuppCelltransmission 1510, this may be viewed as a “reactive coexistence”mechanism.

This kind of an instantaneous gap event detection and immediatereporting on the uplink followed by sensing measurement gap schedulingand then data transmission may occur in an FDD system. In a TDD system,an uplink frame may occur later in time, and thus adapting to neighborSuppCell gaps may or may not happen instantaneously.

With reference to FIG. 16, if the neighbor cell being monitored is aWi-Fi system, the serving eNB may transmit a clear to send (CTS)-to-self(or transmit a ready to send (RTS) and wait for the CTS from the WRTU)1520 to silence the neighbor Wi-Fi system for the duration of thenetwork allocation vector (NAV). The serving eNB may then schedule asensing operation for PU detection and then transmit for the rest of theNAV duration after the sensing measurement time. The RTS, CTS, and/orCTS-self packet format may be enhanced to signal the occurrence of asensing measurement gap immediately.

According to another embodiment, a Neighbor SuppCell Measurement Metricmay be used. A measurement like RSRQ may swing up and down even withWTRU mobility from cell-center to cell-edge or vice versa. Even timeselectivity of the channel as seen by a stationary WTRU may also bringabout swings in such measurements. Thus, a measurement metric may bechosen such that swings in measurement more accurately indicate thepresence of sensing measurement gaps and not, for example, changes dueto received power due to WTRU mobility. Example, the following metricmay be used:

Unbiased_Neighbor_SuppCell_Meas=Neighbor_SuppCell_Mea−Δ  Equation 1

where

Δ=Current_Neighbor_PCell_Meas−Past_Neighbor_PCell_Meas  Equation 2

or

Δ=Current_Neighbor_SCell_Meas−Past_Neighbor_SCell_Meas  Equation 3

and the time value τ_(i) of the drops and spikes inNeighbor_SuppCell_Meas measurement may be defined as:

τ_(i)={τ:Unbiased_Neighbor_SuppCell_Meas(τ)<low_thresh}  Equation 4

where “Meas” may be a measurement of the neighbor cell, for example,RSRQ.

Neighbor_SuppCell_Meas may be the measurement on the neighbor SuppCell.The averaging window size and time constant in the case of anexponential filter may be chosen appropriately such that the gap may bedetected without much latency. Current_Neighbor_PCell_Meas may be theaverage measurement on the neighbor primary/anchor cell at the currentinstant. Past_Neighbor_PCell_Meas may be the average measurement on theneighbor primary/anchor cell “t” milliseconds in the past.Current_Neighbor_SCell_Meas may be the average measurement on theneighbor secondary cell at the current instant. Past_Neighbor_SCell_Measmay be the average measurement on the neighbor secondary cell “t”milliseconds in the past.

Alternatively, the time value τ_(i) of the drops and spikes inNeighbor_SuppCell_Meas measurement may be identified by tracking therate of change of the metric and comparing it against anotherpre-defined threshold, δ, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{\tau_{i} = \left\{ {{\tau:\frac{\left( {{Neighbor\_ SuppCell}{\_ Meas}} \right)}{t}}_{i = t}{> \delta}} \right\}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5}\end{matrix}$

A threshold, for example, a high threshold “high_thresh” and lowthreshold “low_thresh,” or δ may be defined to detect a spike and a dropin measurement respectively.

The estimated neighbor SuppCell gap pattern may be sensing measurementgaps or coexistence gaps scheduled on the neighbor SuppCell. The servingeNB may use this information on the neighbor SuppCell gap pattern tosynchronize the serving SuppCell sensing measurement gap pattern withthat of the neighbor cell for better PU detection at low SNRs, or tocoexist with the neighbor SuppCell transmission in a TDM fashion andshare the LE channel in a fair manner.

If there are multiple neighbor eNBs using the same LE channel as aSuppCell, and each of them uses a different gap schedule, and all ofthem are completely unsynchronized with each other, the serving eNB mayconsider using a union or an intersection of all the gap patterns of theneighbor SuppCells.

Another example embodiment to facilitate reliable PU detection may usenatural gaps instead of or in addition to gap pattern synchronization.This solution may exploit the bursty nature of transmissions fromneighboring networks to identify “natural gaps”; i.e., periods where thegaps of a given network overlap with periods of inactivity in the othernetworks. How often a natural gap occurs is a function of the networkloads and the gap periods/durations. A given network may configure gapsto facilitate PU detection and/or other sensing or measurements, or toallow for coexistence with other SUs or networks. During such periods,the results of the PU detection may be relied upon with a high degree ofconfidence. The decision to evacuate a channel may therefore be afunction of the results of the PU detection and a confidence factor;i.e., whether the PU detection was performed during a natural gap.

According to an example embodiment, a decision to vacate the channel maybe made whenever a PU is detected or the PU detection may not beperformed with a high degree of confidence; i.e., it was not performedduring a natural gap. Table 6 shows an example Evacuation Decision TruthTable in accordance with this embodiment.

TABLE 6 PU Detection Confidence Factor Evacuation Decision No Low Yes NoHigh No Yes Low Yes Yes High Yes

FIG. 16 shows a high level block diagram of an example system 1600 formaking a channel evacuation decisions 1620. A metric such as RSSI 1609may be used to determine the confidence factor. The received samples1602 may be provided to a confident factor determination unit 1604,comprising an RSSI estimator 1608 to generate an RSSI measurement basedon the received samples 1602, and a confidence factor estimator 1610,which may determine that RSSI measurements 1609 below a given threshold1612 may result in a high confidence factor 1613, while RSSImeasurements 1609 above the threshold 1612 may result in a lowconfidence factor 1613. Received samples 1602 that correspond to theperiod over which PU detection was performed may be used to compute theRSSI 1609 and determine the confidence factor 1613. The results 1614 ofthe PU detection 1606 in combination with the confidence factor 1613 maythen be used by the evacuation decision unit 1616 to make the evacuationdecision 1620.

FIG. 17 shows a high level block diagram of another example system 1700for making a channel evacuation decisions 1720. The PU detection unit1706 may detect PU based on the received samples 1702. The confidencefactor determination unit 1704 may generate a confidence factor 1713using the RSSI estimator 1708 and confidence factor estimator 1710 basedon the received samples, as described in FIG. 16. However, in theembodiment of FIG. 17, metrics such as Probability of False Alarm (PFA)and/or Probability of Missed Detection (PMD) may also be generated bythe PU detection unit 1706 and considered by the confidence factordetermination unit 1704 in determining a confidence factor 1719.Correlation with a feature-based PN sequence or cyclostationaritypattern matching may be used to determine the PFA and PMD metrics in thePU detection unit 1706, for example. Such metrics may be used inaddition to or instead of the RSSI based confidence factor 1713 using anand/or rule unit 1718, to determine the confidence factor 1719. Theconfidence fact 1719 may then be used by the evacuation decision unit1716 to make the evacuation decision 1720.

To reduce the likelihood of unnecessary evacuation of the channel, thesystems in FIGS. 16 and 17 may make a number X (or more positive)evacuation decisions over a given decision period of time, TDecision,for example, before triggering the channel evacuation. The parameters Xand TDecision may be chosen such that the in-service monitoringrequirements defined for PU detection may still be met.

According to an embodiment, the evacuation decisions may be made at theWTRU. In this case, the resulting decision (Yes/No) may be signaled tothe base station. Alternatively, the PU detection result and theconfidence factor may be signaled to the base station, thereby allowingthe evacuation decisions to be made at the base station. In an example,the evacuation decision algorithm at the base station may combine theresults from multiple WTRUs to determine whether a channel should beevacuated.

If the system operates on a “PU-Assigned” channel, and if the sensingtoolbox at the eNB and/or the WTRU detects one or more SU systemsoperating in the channel, the eNB may evacuate the “PU-Assigned” channelimmediately due to the risk of not detecting a PU.

According to an embodiment, the coordination of sensing measurementconfiguration exchange between neighbor eNBs may be done in acentralized approach. The purpose of requesting/exchanging sensingmeasurement configuration information between eNBs may be any of thefollowing reasons: network-controlled synchronization of sensingmeasurement gaps between adjacent cells; initiating proactive filteringof sensing measurements of the target eNB supplementary CC; orcoexistence of neighbor SuppCells by enabling TDM access to a common LEchannel.

To support WTRU mobility and seamless handover of WTRUs betweenadjacent/neighbor eNBs, the eNB may need to be aware of the channels(licensed and license-exempt) configured and/or assigned by the othereNBs in its neighborhood. The eNB may initiate channel sensing on thosechannels and at specific WTRUs impacted by the handover. The WTRUs inturn may report measurements periodically back to the eNB. Based on thesensing measurement reports, the eNB may make the handover decision.

To support the above procedure, the serving eNB may acquire two sets ofinformation from the target eNB: neighbor SuppCell object ID(SensMeasObj_ID) and neighbor SuppCell sensing measurement configurationID (SensMeas_ID). This information may be acquired by the eNB, forexample, in one of the following ways: over the X2 interface prior tohandover, illustrated by example in FIG. 18; or over the S1 interfaceprior to handover illustrated by example in FIG. 19.

FIG. 18 shows a call flow diagram of an example method 1800 for sensingmeasurement configuration exchange over the X2 interface. The servingeNB 1802 may request the target eNB 1804 for the two sets of sensingmeasurement configuration information on the SuppCell using the“ENB_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE” X2AP message 1806. The target eNB 1804 mayrespond with the sensing measurement configuration information using the“ENB_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE_ACKNOWLEDGE” X2AP message 1808.

FIG. 19 shows a call flow diagram of an example method 1900 for sensingmeasurement configuration exchange over the S1 interface. The servingeNB 1902 may request from the MME 1906 for the target eNB's 1904 sensingmeasurement configuration information on the SuppCell using the“ENB_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE” S1AP message 1908. The MME 1906 mayacknowledge the receipt of the ENB_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE message 1908 toserving eNB 1902 using the “ENB_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE_ACKNOWLEDGE” S1APmessage 1910.

The MME 1906 may forward the request to the target eNB 1904 using the“MME_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE” S1AP message 1912. The target eNB 1904 mayrespond to the MME 1906 with the sensing measurement configurationinformation on its SuppCell using the“MME_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE_ACKNOWLEDGE” S1AP message 1914. The MME 1906may forward the information to the serving eNB 1902 using the“MME_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE” S1AP message 1916, which the serving eNB 1902may acknowledge using the “MME_CONFIGURATION_UPDATE_ACKNOWLEDGE” S1APmessage 1918.

In the above cases, the information about the sensing measurementconfiguration on the SuppCell configured by the target eNB may becommunicated to the WTRU by the serving eNB using dedicated signaling,for example, RRCConnectionReconfiguration message or MAC controlelements.

According to another embodiment, sensing may be done in a proactiveapproach, and sensing result may be reported to the target eNB. Usingthe information about sensing measurement configuration on the SuppCellconfigured the target eNB, the WTRU may proactively start sensing thetarget eNB's supplementary channel during measurement gaps scheduled bythe target eNB. Once reliable/converged sensing results are available,the WTRU may signal the sensing results proactively to the target eNB,which may be done, for example, in one of the following ways.

The WTRU may send the target eNB's sensing measurement results to thesource (serving) eNB. FIG. 20 shows a call flow diagram of an examplemethod 2000 for exchanging sensing results over the X2 interface. Theserving eNB 2002 may forward the results to the target eNB 2004 usingthe “HANDOVER_REQUEST” X2AP message 2006. The target eNB may acknowledgethe receipt using the “HANDOVER_REQUEST_ACKNOWLEDGE” X2AP message 2008.

FIG. 21 shows a call flow diagram of an example method 2100 forexchanging sensing results over the S1 interface. The serving eNB 2102may forward the results to the MME 2106 using the “HANDOVER_REQUIRED”S1AP message 2108. Then the MME 2106 may forward the results to thetarget eNB 2104 using the “HANDOVER_REQUEST” S1AP message 2110. Thetarget eNB may acknowledge the receipt using the“HANDOVER_REQUEST_ACKNOWLEDGE” S1AP message 2112. The MME 2106 mayforward the acknowledgement to the serving eNB 2102 using the“HANDOVER_COMMAND” S1AP message 2114.

According to another example embodiment, the sensing results may besignaled during the random access channel (RACH) procedure with thetarget eNB. As soon as the handover is signaled to the WTRU by thesource eNB, the WTRU may start a RACH procedure with the target eNB.During this time, the WTRU may be allocated uplink resources and alsosignaled timing alignment and other parameters by the target eNB. TheWTRU may send the sensing results to the target eNB with theRandom_Access_Preamble_Transmission, which may initiate the RACHprocedure with target eNB.

According to another example embodiment, the sensing results may besignaled after the RACH procedure using, for example, theRRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete signal. The WTRU may also use theRRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete signal immediately after thehandover is completed to send the sensing results to the target eNB.

Another embodiment is directed to multiple allocated SuppCells withdifferent gap patterns at an eNB.

When multiple SuppCells are allocated at an eNB, each SuppCell may havea different measurement gap duty cycle. Moreover, some of the SuppCellsmay share the same radio front end. Sensing on the SuppCells sharing thesame radio front end should be performed in such a way that sensingmeasurements are enabled only during the overlapping gap durations onthese SuppCells. The rest of the gap may be ignored for measurementsbecause the self-interference caused by the signal leakage from thetransmission on a channel on the same band may impact the quality ofmeasurements made on the duration of the gap with the leakage issue. Anexample of this scenario showing different measurement gap duty cyclesof two allocated SuppCells over either a single TVWS low band or asingle high band is shown in FIG. 22.

FIG. 22 shows measurement/gap schedules 2200 for two SuppCells 2202 and2204 with different measurement/gap durations over a single TVWS low (orhigh) band. SuppCell 2202 alternates active periods 2201 and gap periods2208. SuppCell 2204 alternates active periods 2203 and gap periods 2210.In the example of FIG. 22, the two SuppCells 2202 and 2204 allocated toan eNB are chosen to be frame boundary 2206 aligned. This may imply thatthe measurement gaps 2208 and 2210 in SuppCell 2202 and SuppCell 2204,respectively, may be synchronized to start at the beginning of eachframe boundary 2206. In this example, SuppCell 2204 has a shorter gapduration 2210 than the gap duration 2208 of SuppCell 2202. Themeasurements on both SuppCell 2202 and SuppCell 2204 may be enabledduring the common overlapping gap time 2215, which in this examplecorresponds to SuppCell's 2204 gap 2210.

The reporting times discussed above may be for measurements that areready and do not have high latency in processing. For measurements whichneed large processing times, the reporting may be delayed accordingly.

Although features and elements are described above in particularcombinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that eachfeature or element can be used alone or in any combination with theother features and elements. In addition, the methods described hereinmay be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmwareincorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computeror processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronicsignals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) andcomputer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storagemedia include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), arandom access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductormemory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removabledisks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks,and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association withsoftware may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for usein a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

What is claimed:
 1. A method, performed by a wireless transmit/receiveunit (WTRU), for scheduling sensing measurement gaps communicating onserving eNB supplementary cells (SuppCells) and neighbor eNB SuppCells,the method comprising: receiving measurement configuration parametersfrom a serving eNB during active periods, wherein the active periods areseparated by serving eNB SuppCell gaps; performing measurements duringserving eNB SuppCell gaps based on the configuration parameters togenerate measurement reports; and sending the measurement reports to theserving eNB.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the measurement reportsinclude: a first time stamp corresponding to a start event of at leastone neighbor eNB SuppCell gap; a second time stamp corresponding to anend event of the at least one neighbor eNB SuppCell gap; and a durationvalue corresponding to a time duration between consecutive start and endevents of neighbor eNB SuppCell gaps.
 3. The method of claim 2 furthercomprising: determining the start event of the at least one neighbor eNBSuppCell gap when the measurements of neighbor eNB SuppCell gaps fallbelow a first threshold.
 4. The method of claim 2 further comprising:determining the end event of the at least one neighbor eNB SuppCell gapwhen the measurements of neighbor eNB SuppCell gaps goes above the firstthreshold.
 5. A method, performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit(WTRU), for performing enhanced measurement procedures in a radioresource control (RRC), the method comprising: receiving aRRCConectionReconfiguration message, wherein the RRCConectionfigurationmessage includes: a sensing measurement object identifier for at leastone object on which the WTRU shall perform sensing, wherein the at leastone object is a single license-exempt (LE) channel on which asupplementary cell can operate; a white space channel index of a LEspectrum band; a channel type; a list of sensing reportingconfigurations; and a sensing measurement gap schedule that indicatesperiods where the WTRU may perform sensing.
 6. The method of claim 5wherein the list of sensing reporting configurations includes: reportingcriterion for triggering the WTRU to send a measurement report; areporting format; and reporting quantities.
 7. The method of claim 6wherein the reporting format includes: a channel occupancy; a primaryuser (PU) detection value; a PU type; a secondary user (SU) detectionvalue; an SU type.
 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the reportingquantities include: a probability of misdetection; a probability offalse alarm; a secondary user (SU) utilization index; a SU utilizationthreshold; a first time stamp for a neighbor supplementary cell(SuppCell) measurement going above a threshold; a second time stamp forthe neighbor SuppCell measurement going below a threshold; and a listenbefore talk success rate value.
 9. The method of claim 6 wherein theperiods where the WTRU may perform sensing are periods where no otheruplink or downlink transmissions are scheduled.
 10. A wirelesstransmit/receive unit (WTRU) configured to schedule sensing measurementgaps communicating on serving eNB supplementary cells (SuppCells) andneighbor eNB SuppCells, the WTRU comprising a receiver configured toreceive measurement configuration parameters from a serving eNB duringactive periods, wherein the active periods are separated by serving eNBSuppCell gaps; the WTRU configured to perform measurements duringserving eNB SuppCell gaps based on the configuration parameters togenerate measurement reports; and a transmitter configured to send themeasurement reports to the serving eNB.
 11. The WTRU of claim 10 whereinthe measurement reports include: a first time stamp corresponding to astart event of at least one neighbor eNB SuppCell gap; a second timestamp corresponding to an end event of the at least one neighbor eNBSuppCell gap; and a duration value corresponding to a time durationbetween consecutive start and end events of neighbor eNB SuppCell gaps.12. The WTRU of claim 11 further configured to: determine the startevent of the at least one neighbor eNB SuppCell gap when themeasurements of neighbor eNB SuppCell gaps fall below a first threshold.13. The WTRU of claim 11 further configured to: determine the end eventof the at least one neighbor eNB SuppCell gap when the measurements ofneighbor eNB SuppCell gaps goes above the first threshold.
 14. Awireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) configured to perform enhancedmeasurement procedures in a radio resource control (RRC), the WTRUcomprising: a receiver configured to receive aRRCConectionReconfiguration message, wherein theRRCConectionReconfiguration message includes: a sensing measurementobject identifier for at least one object on which the WTRU shallperform sensing, wherein the at least one object is a singlelicense-exempt (LE) channel on which a supplementary cell can operate; awhite space channel index of a LE spectrum band; a channel type; a listof sensing reporting configurations; and a sensing measurement gapschedule that indicates periods where the WTRU may perform sensing. 15.The WTRU of claim 14 wherein the list of sensing reportingconfigurations includes: reporting criterion for triggering the WTRU tosend a measurement report; a reporting format; and reporting quantities.16. The WTRU of claim 15 wherein the reporting format includes: achannel occupancy; a primary user (PU) detection value; a PU type; asecondary user (SU) detection value; an SU type.
 17. The WTRU of claim16 wherein the reporting quantities include: a probability ofmisdetection; a probability of false alarm; a secondary user (SU)utilization index; a SU utilization threshold; a first time stamp for aneighbor supplementary cell (SuppCell) measurement going above athreshold; a second time stamp for the neighbor SuppCell measurementgoing below a threshold; and a listen before talk success rate value.18. The WTRU of claim 14 wherein the periods where the WTRU may performsensing are periods where no other uplink or downlink transmissions arescheduled.